A mammogram is a specialised X-ray examination used to produce detailed images of breast tissue. It can help detect changes within the breast, including abnormalities that may not be noticeable during a physical examination. Mammograms are commonly used for breast cancer screening and to investigate symptoms such as a lump, unusual nipple discharge or changes in breast appearance.
Mammography is an important part of breast health assessment because it can identify some breast cancers before symptoms develop. In Australia, routine screening mammograms are available through BreastScreen Australia for eligible people without breast symptoms. Diagnostic mammography may also be recommended by a doctor when a particular breast concern requires further investigation.
How Does a Mammogram Work?
A mammogram uses low-dose X-rays to capture images of the internal structures of the breast.
During the examination, the breast is positioned on a specialised imaging machine and briefly compressed between two plates.
Compression helps spread the breast tissue, reduce movement and produce clearer images while limiting the radiation dose.
Several images may be taken from different angles to provide the radiologist with sufficient information.
Screening vs Diagnostic Mammograms
There are two main reasons for undergoing mammography.
Screening mammograms are performed when a person has no breast symptoms. Their purpose is to identify possible abnormalities before noticeable changes occur.
Diagnostic mammograms are used to investigate specific symptoms or examine an area of concern identified during another examination.
Diagnostic imaging may involve additional views or other tests, such as breast ultrasound.
When Should You Have a Mammogram?
In Australia, BreastScreen Australia offers free screening mammograms every two years to eligible women aged 40 and over, with women aged 50 to 74 actively invited to participate.
People with a strong family history of breast cancer or other risk factors may require an individualised screening plan.
A doctor can provide advice about appropriate screening based on age, personal medical history and individual risk.
People experiencing breast symptoms should seek medical assessment rather than wait for their next routine screening appointment.
Symptoms That May Require Investigation
A healthcare professional may recommend breast imaging when someone notices:
- A new lump or thickening in the breast or underarm
- Changes in breast size or shape
- Unexplained nipple discharge, particularly if bloody
- Nipple inversion that has recently developed
- Skin dimpling, redness or other unusual changes
- Persistent localised breast discomfort
These symptoms do not necessarily indicate cancer, but they should be assessed by a healthcare professional.
Preparing for a Mammogram
Preparation is generally straightforward.
Patients are commonly advised to avoid applying deodorant, talcum powder or lotions to the breast and underarm area on the day of the examination, as some products can affect image quality.
Wearing a two-piece outfit can make changing easier because clothing above the waist usually needs to be removed.
Patients should inform the radiographer if they have breast implants, are pregnant or may be pregnant, or have previously undergone breast surgery.
Is a Mammogram Painful?
Some people experience temporary discomfort when the breast is compressed.
The pressure generally lasts only a few seconds for each image, although individual experiences vary.
Patients should tell the radiographer if they experience significant discomfort so positioning can be adjusted where possible.
Understanding Mammogram Results
A radiologist examines the images for changes or abnormalities.
An abnormal screening result does not automatically mean breast cancer is present. Further imaging or a biopsy may be needed to determine the cause.
Mammograms are valuable screening tools, but they do not detect every breast cancer. Breast density and other factors can affect how clearly abnormalities appear.
Why Breast Screening Matters
Regular breast screening can help detect some cancers at an earlier stage, when treatment may be more effective.
Understanding when mammography is recommended, recognising changes in breast health and seeking appropriate medical advice are important parts of informed breast healthcare.
